1. Malignant environmental circumstances may continue
to control people, because
a. people are inherently masochists
b. they may bring immediate positive
consequences
c. there is no way to arrange environmental
circumstances to produce desired consequences
d. malignant consequences are more
powerful than positive ones
2. Mentalism is (Skinner)
a. the ancient notion "mind over matter"
b. the belief that thought and feelings
determine behavior, not external consequences
c. the belief that, through the will,
one can ultimately and absolutely control behavior
d. Jung's idea that something like
archetypes ultimately determine behavior
3. Shaping is
a. a process by which natural variability
in behavior is exploited so that a new behavior is acquired by
reinforcing
successive approximation to it
b. a process by which the environment
of an animal is resculptured to fit the genetic propensities of the
animal (e.g.,
panel is presented to a pigeon rather than a lever)
c. restructuring a stimulus until
it is a useful reinforcer
d. restructuring the experimental
set-up until the conditions for successful conditioning prevail
4. About punishment, Skinner believed
a. it is the most effective way to
control behavior
b. while it is the most effective
way to control behavior, its use is unethical
c. it only has temporary effects
d. it is counterproductive: resistance
to coercion causes organisms to respond at higher rates in the
presence of
punishment
5. If one is angry because someone has aggressed against
him or her, how will one's subsequent aggression
against a third party affect future
aggressiveness?
a. it will have no effect on future
aggression
b. it will "blow off some steam" making
future aggression less likely
c. it will suppress future aggression
because of fear of retaliation
d. it will follows the adage "aggression
begets aggression": aggression gives rise to more aggression
6. Which of the following must be true of the threat of
punishment is to deter future aggression?
a. the occurrence of the punishment
must be of uncertain likelihood
b. the threatened potential aggressor
must be very angry
c. the potential aggressor who is
threatened must have much to gain from future aggression
d. the person who is threatened must
know that any future aggression will be followed immediately by punishment
7. Skinner reared his daughter in a
a. typical nursery by atypical procedures
b. in a box featuring temperature
and humidity control
c. in an apparatus not unlike a Skinner
box in terms of reinforcement delivery
d. in a special, contingency controlled,
outdoor area
8. What discovery did Skinner make that caused him to
guard his life lest the important find be lost?
a. what is now called classical conditioning
b. the empirical law of effect
c. the effects of aversive stimuli
d. the extinction graph
9. Regarding Skinner's alleged opposition to theory
a. he actually looked forward to a
behavioral theory based on careful observation
b. he opposed all theory because he
felt all theories would have mentalistic elements
c. his opposition to all theory was
real
d. he actually softened near the end
of his life and began supporting a bit of mentalism in behaviorism
10. How did Rudy respond to the physical punishment he
received?
a. he became very submissive
b. he was controlling and aggressive
toward his sister
c. he cried excessively
d. he cowered in a corner while assuming
a fetal position