Today: Street (2001a), notes that on January 18:
1892 Edmund Clark Sanford's Laboratory Course in Psychology was
published.
1921 Robert Glaser was born. Glaser's research in education developed
from an early emphasis on individualized instruction and criterion-referenced
testing to later explorations of cognitive models of classroom learning
and "knowledge-dependent learning." APA Distinguished Scientific Award
for the Applications of Psychology, 1987.
1971 The Jean Piaget Society was incorporated in Pennsylvania,
marking the official founding of the organization.
My Birthdate: On September 8, according to Street (2001b),
1854 - The cornerstone was laid for the State Asylum for Idiots in
Syracuse, New York, the first building in the United States expressly built
for the care and training of people with mental retardation and developmental
disabilities. The program itself, directed by Harvey B. Wilbur, had begun
in Albany in 1851. The institution's name was later changed to the Syracuse
State School.
1932 - The APA voted to apply for membership in the Inter-Society Color
Council, a group concerned with color perception and industry standards.
Clarence Ferree, A. T. Poffenberger, and Forrest Lee Dimmick were the first
APA representatives on the Council. Their first informal report to the
APA was made on September 8, 1933, and their first formal report was made
on August 25, 1934.
1938 - The APA Committee on Scientific and Professional Ethics was
established. This was the APA's first group to deal with professional ethical
issues, but it used unwritten, informal procedures to handle incidents
that were brought to its attention. Robert S. Sessions chaired the committee.
On January 31 (A day of personal significance), Street (2001c) indicates
that:
1931 The Psychograph, a device consisting of a helmet and movable
rods designed so measurements could be made at 32 points on the skull,
made its public debut at the Twin City Auto Show. The device was an excursion
into automated phrenology.
1961 A chimpanzee named HAM performed a series of operant avoidance
tasks during a space flight that was part of Project Mercury, the first
American manned space flight program. HAM, trained by Richard Belleville,
contended with two schedules of bar-pressing for shock avoidance. In an
18-minute suborbital flight, HAM made only two errors.
1969 Neal E. Miller's article "Learning of Visceral and Glandular
Responses," describing instrumental conditioning of autonomic responses,
was published in Science.
Reference List
Franzoi, S. L. (2007). Psychology: A Journey of Discovery, (3rd ed). Cincinnati, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing.
Street, W. R. (1999, October 25). Today in the History of Psychology. Retrieved January 25, 2002 from http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/datepick.html
Street, W. R. (2001a, November 26). January 18 in Psychology.
Retrieved January 25, 2002, from the American Psychological Association
Historical Database Web site at Central Washington University:
http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0118.html
Street, W. R. (2001b, November 26). September 8 in Psychology.
Retrieved January 25, 2002, from the American Psychological Association
Historical Database Web site at Central Washington University:
http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0908.html
Street, W. R. (2001c, November 26). January 31 in Psychology.
Retrieved January 25, 2002, from the American Psychological Association
Historical Database Web site at Central Washington University:
http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0131.html
Note that normally, simply copying and pasting information into a report is not allowed. In this case, I am specifically instructing you to do so because I am not interested in providing you with the opportunity to practice your typing skills. I see nothing to be gained by you spending the time rewriting what has already been written, in this case. Be aware, however, that in most cases this would constitute plagiarism — the "unforgivable" academic sin, and would normally result in severe penalties.
Don't forget to reference the source of the information. If you do not, you will have committed plagiarism. The citations shown above can serve as a model. You can, if you wish, copy and paste them into your assignment message and then make the necessary changes. Change the publication dates, page titles and retrieval date, as necessary. Since the dates that you select will probably be different from the dates I used, you will also need to change the file name portion of the URL (cal0908.html, for example) so that the reader will be taken to the correct date. Be certain, however, that you know and understand how to structure a reference properly — that is one of the primary reasons for this assignment being required. See the MegaPsych Article Writing Psychology Reports for specifics.
Most email programs today will automatically show the URL as an active link if you show the full URL — including the "http://" part — and the rest of the URL properly. That includes not putting any sort of punctuation mark at the end of the URL.
The date in parentheses is the date the Web page was published or last updated. If the author does not show that information on the page itself, you may have to do a little detective work. You can often find that information by clicking on "View" and then "Page Info", if you use Netscape, or by clicking on "View" and then "Source", if you use Internet Explorer.
Another possibility for checking the publication date is to "backtrack" the URL. Until recently, none of Street's pages showed the publication date, and the "Last Modified" date on the "Page Info" page was shown as "Unknown". In late 2001, he added a link at the bottom of each date page that will take you to a page on which he explains and illustrates proper APA-style referencing of his pages.
Before he added that feature (at my urging, I am a bit pleased to admit), I had to manually work through the process of discovering the "publication" dates. I am still showing you the process I used because you may have to do the same sort of detective work in order to find the proper information for other sites you use in the future. This is how I did it.
Starting with the the URL for Street's "Calendar" page, http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/datepick.html, I deleted the last element (which is the filename), "datepick.html". The URL "http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar" revealed the "Index" page for Street's site. The "Last modified" column showed the date as 25-Oct-99 for all of the pages that make up Street's Today in the History of Psychology site. (When he updated the site in late 2001, of course, those dates changed.)
If that had not given me the information I needed, I would have next deleted the last element of the URL "http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar" — "calendar". Had that not given me the information I was seeking, I might have then deleted the "~warren" portion of the URL. (This backtracking technique can also help you find a page that has "disappeared" because the author has renamed it.)
If that information cannot be found, after all methods of investigating have been tried in good faith, use a notation that indicates "Publication date not indicated" in place of the publication date. APA has recently settled on "(n.d.)" as the preferred way of indicating that no date is shown.
Special Instructional Notes:
Note that Street, in the sample he provides, appears to violate one
of the instructions I provide in the Writing article. Instead of
just showing "Retrieved January 25, 2002 from the World Wide Web...", he
provides the more specific statement "Retrieved January 25, 2002, from
the American Psychological Association Historical Database Web site at
Central Washington University: ...". There may be a good reason for
this apparent conflict of information.
The Internet is fairly new. The World Wide Web itself is barely 10 years old as this is being written in early 2002. The wide range of material on the Web was only beginning to appear just five or six years ago. Until very recently there was little guidance offered about how to reference electronic sources of information because there was little need for it since there was very little such information. As that situation changed, APA began dictating how such sources were to be referenced in APA publications. Since the situation is dynamic, and has been changing constantly (and is likely to continue to change considerably for the foreseeable future) APA has revised the format of references several times in the past five or so years. The latest version of APA's Electronic References page is only about five months old, as this is written. It is likely, I suspect, that the reference formats will continue to evolve in the next few years. In particular, I think we are going to find that most people will have considerable difficulty determining the information to include in the more specific format unless those who create the web pages specify the source, as Street does. It is my personal belief that most will decide that doing so is too much trouble.
For that reason, I will, for the time being, accept references shown with either the general or the more specific formats. Be aware that other psychology professors you encounter in the future may specifically require that you use the most recent incarnation of APA's reference format. Consequently, I would encourage you to get used to using the most recent format, whenever you can. Feel free, however, to use the more general format whenever you cannot determine — after a good faith effort — the information to include in the more specific format.
Since Street does provide the specific information needed, at least
for the specific date pages,
Street, W. R. (2001c, November 26). January 31 in Psychology.
Retrieved January 25, 2002, from the American Psychological Association
Historical Database Web site at Central Washington University:
http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0131.html
is more appropriate, and is therefore required
for this assignment, than would be
Street, W. R. (2001c, November 26). January 31 in Psychology.
Retrieved January 25, 2002, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0131.html
I kept the reference for the overall site in the more general format:
Street, W. R. (1999, October 25). Today in the History of
Psychology. Retrieved January 25, 2002 from the World Wide
Web: http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/datepick.html
for the simple reason that it is not entirely clear to me that the
overall site is necessarily a part of the Historical Database site.
I think I could argue that the Today in the History of Psychology
site utilizes the information in the Historical Database site, and
that the Historical Database is a second-level site, subordinate to the
Today
in the History of Psychology site. I can, at the same time, see
that someone else might argue that the two cannot be functionally separated.
(See what I meant about it being difficult to determine the information
to include? If I cannot be sure, how can I demand that you determine
it?)
I included the Today in the History of Psychology citation to
make it easy for the reader to use Street's site from the normal entry
point. While including this citation may not be required in all cases,
it seems like it is a good idea. The three individual page citations
are essential, however. They are there so that readers can quickly
and easily visit the specific sources of your information to see for themselves
what Street says and see if you reported Street's claims correctly, or
to perhaps seek further information on the topic.
| The properly formatted APA-style reference for this page
should look like:
Nichols, J. W. (2006, July 21). Example and Hints
for Psych3K -- Psychology on Meaningful Dates. Retrieved August 25,
2006 from http://www.tulsa.oklahoma.net/~jnichols/E&H1.html
|